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Why I Am Not A Funeral Home Broker

Why I Am Not A Funeral Home Broker

Jack B. Stalk has a special goose. His goose lays a single golden egg every year. That annual egg has enabled Jack to live in a nice home, drive a luxury car, take nice vacations, eat well, put his four kids through college and be a well-respected member of the community.

One day a goose broker approaches Jack and his wife, Edith, saying, “I think I could get someone to give you seven golden eggs for that goose.”

Jack and Edith had never seen that many eggs in one place before. They were excited and gave the broker permission to find a buyer. He did better than expected and got eight eggs. Of course, Jack and Edith could only keep six after they paid the broker fees and sent Uncle Sam his share. Nevertheless, they had more eggs than they had ever had at one time.

Unfortunately, Jack and Edith soon discovered that they couldn’t maintain their lifestyle without eating some of the eggs. Worse, consuming an egg meant they had to eat even more eggs. Six eggs wouldn’t last their lifetime.

Here is the difference:

Tom Lynch once said:

“A good funeral is one that gets the dead where they need to go and the living where they need to be.”

To paraphrase Tom:

“A good Succession Plan is one that focuses first on where you need to be and then, when it’s time to sell, on getting the best price with the most efficient tax structure.”

A broker’s job is to sell your goose for the most eggs in a one – time event. A noble goal but, in my opinion, freezing egg production doesn’t meet the real needs of most owners.

In a sense, as a Certified Exit Planner, I am more concerned with where clients need to be. This means considering the whole picture:

  • Your current and future financial needs
  • The value of your goose (now and in the future)
  • Replacing annual egg production rather than a one-time egg harvest

Download the WhitePaper:  Why Selling Your Business Can’t Pay For Your Retirement. Click the Icon below.

Buy Sell: The Texas Shoot Out Provision

gunslingerI love the story of two little boys fighting over the last piece of cake. Mom comes into the kitchen as they are pushing and shoving and with “Solomon – like” wisdom says,

“Johnny, Billy, there is enough for both of you. Johnny I want you to cut the cake into two pieces and Billy you get to choose which piece you want”

So it is with business partners. 

I am often asked to develop transition plans for businesses to be passed on to children. Occasionally parents insist on a 50/50 split. I don’t like these arrangements because they instantly create governance issues. My response is to always push the family to come up with a FORMAL plan on how they will “break the tie” in future disagreements and include that plan in the by – laws.

But my all – time favorite is the “Texas Shoot Out” Provision to be included in the buy – sell agreement.

It’s very simple:

Johnny can offer to buy Billy out at any time for a specific non negotiable price.

Billy has only two options:

  1. He must either accept Johnny’s offer; or
  2. Offer to buy Johnny out for exactly the same terms.

If Billy chooses #2 and reverses the offer Johnny MUST accept it.

Of course it could be Billy making the first offer to Johnny.

Either way, once one party makes an offer, the other MUST accept it or reverse it. Refusal to do either constitutes acceptance.

Kinda keeps things above board.

Rice Paddy to Rice Paddy in 3 Generations

pass-batonSociologists have discovered there is a saying in every culture that is best illustrated by the title to this article (which is the Chinese version). Basically, it refers to the lowly peasant who works hard to break out of the rice paddy life by starting a business which he then passes on to his heirs. The heirs live off his efforts for a generation but their heirs are back in the rice paddy. So what is the difference between family businesses that thrive for multiple generations and those that don’t?

I have just returned from a visit to see Schoedinger Funeral Home’s (Columbus, OH) newest facility. WOW!! If you want to see the future go see it.

But that’s not my point. Schoedinger’s is now in their sixth generation. Some day maybe they will let me do a case study. But I have known them for years as well as a few others like them and their are some common characteristics.

Some of the basics that you most commonly see is an ingrained respect for one another, treating the business as a business not a means to a lifestyle, minimizing that sense of entitlement, clearly defining roles, intentionally developing skills and gifts and a solid, formal governance structure.

As an aside, I recently worked with a family on their succession plan. The parents insisted that the two children have equal ownership. My response? I challenged the successors to work together to come up with a formal system of governance that would clearly address the question: “how are you going to break a tie?” I expect one of two things to happen: a) they will demonstrate they can’t break a tie…or, b) they will come up with a plan.

Back to my original point: How do families succeed beyond 2 or 3 generations?

Kennesaw State University’s Cox Family Enterprise says that, for those families that succeed, succession planning is built into their DNA. There is no entitlement only merit. Yes, you get a genetic preference but you MUST be able to contribute meaningfully to have a management role. This means an intentional plan to:

  • Expose potential successors to all aspects of the business
    • operations
    • finance
    • management
    • vendor relations
    • vision casting
  • Be fully transparent
    • with each other
    • about true competency
    • roles
  • Have a clear sense of mission
    • Know who you are
      • and who you aren’t
    • have clear expectations
    • hold stakeholders accountable for results
  • Everyone earns their role
    • You don’t get to be an officer until you demonstrate ability

Of course, not everyone wants to be a multi generation business. But, if you do, being intentional about it through a clear plan is a requirement.

 

Universal Requirements For Successful Family Transition

There are 3 Universal requirements for a successful family business transfer:

  1. A competent successor
  2. The Business is ready
  3. The owner is ready

Part 1 – A Competent Successor

A successor is competent when they have demonstrated both the ability and willingness to run the business.

For most small businesses however this is a major challenge. Yes some successors (children or employees) really aren’t willing or are unable to rise to the challenge of ownership. But a more common reason is that the current owners have failed to do three things:

  1. Clearly articulate the performance expectations they need to see.
  2. Provide both internal and external experiences to develop skills and abilities while providing a well – rounded world view
  3. and biggest of all, implement a phased exit process that will ultimately make themselves unnecessary while stretching the successor’s own commitment

Performance Expectations:

I frequently get requests to help develop successors (both employees and children) for taking on ownership as the current owners begin to look forward to retirement. Sometimes friction has developed because the successor(s) are too anxious to take over and want to change things too rapidly or too aggressively for the current owner’s comfort level. Their attitude is I am ready now why doesn’t he / she just get out of the way. More often, the successor is stuck because they can’t quite figure out what is expected of them or they can’t get a chance to really assume a specific role.

Most current owners want the successor to demonstrate that they can be a great #2 before they are willing to think about giving up some of the ownership responsibilities. Worse some owners  have forgotten the struggles of their own learning curve and think the successor should somehow just “know” what to do. Other owners remember that learning curve too well and think that they have to impose the same thing on the successor(s) even though their learning curve may now be irrelevant in today’s business environment.

I always start these projects by having the owner tell me as clearly as possible what a successful #2 would look and act like. If they need to see them voluntarily working 60 hours a week or taking night calls so be it…but say it. As you might expect very few have thought about what they want to see…they just expect to see it.

As an added service I offer this link to a successor readiness assessment. I wish I had developed it but it comes from none other than the world renowned management guru: Peter Drucker.

Internal and external experiences: 

If you don’t provide opportunities to grow and develop both internally and from outside sources then you are only going to get what you already have: “Successor Interrupted.” My favorite mechanism is having your kids work somewhere else for a period. This does a couple of things:

  1. Exposes them to alternative thinking and methods, both good and bad
  2. Allows them to demonstrate to themselves they can succeed without being the “heir apparent.”
  3. Helps them develop a perspective relative to both what it’s like to be an employee and the unique environment of your own business.

Another alternative, of course, is to send them to conventions as long as you make sure they understand the “10 percent” rule: 10% of whatever you hear is blatant exaggeration.

I structure my “Blue Ocean Tours” specifically to provide these experiences via workshop immersions.

Make Yourself Unnecessary:

This may be the most emotionally taxing for most funeral directors. But if you aren’t willing to delegate increasing responsibility to your staff / kids then you are not ready to exit no matter how tired you are.

There is a great litmus test for this. You might want to sit down before you read it and have the smelling salts ready: Leave for 30 days AND DON’T CALL IN. If you get back and the business hasn’t really missed you it’s time.

Next week: Part 2 Getting Your Business Ready

Creedy & McQueen Earn Exit Planning Certification

You’re here…NOW WHAT! There are more ways to transition a business than just selling to a consolidator. You can transition fast and you can transition slow. You can plan to have your kids succeed you or your employees or another funeral home operator. But the one entity you want to protect yourself from is the tax man. Bill and I are now experts in helping you transition your business they way YOU want to and keep more of what you get.

billalan copySuccession Planning Associates owners Alan Creedy and Bill McQueen are pleased to announce that each has earned the Business Enterprise Institute (BEI) Certified Exit Planner (CExP™) designation for Exit Planning. The BEI CExP designation sets the standard for Exit Planning certification. Achieving the designation requires stringent training, rigorous testing, and in-depth Exit Plan Creation coursework.

“This is another example of the ongoing personal and professional dedication Succession Planning Associates brings to our funeral service clients,” stated Creedy.  “We continually strive to increase our ability to better serve the funeral profession by achieving the highest professional and education standards in each of our service areas. In the end, it’s all about acquiring the expertise to employ the strategies that give our clients even more options in transferring their business to family, staff or third parties needed by private owners.”

The CExP requires more than 100 hours of live and online initial training and 30 hours of real-world casework creating exit plans. The program covers all areas of exit planning: the critical elements of a successful exit plan, understanding and identifying owner objectives, quantifying business and personal financial resources, maximizing and protecting business value, ownership transfers to third parties, ownership transfers to insiders (children, key employees, ESOPs), business continuity, family business planning and deferred compensation. BEI Certified Exit Planners are required to complete 30 continuing education hours every two years.

“Receiving this certification will give our clients greater confidence that the service they receive is professional in quality and adheres to ethical and industry standards of practice,” commented McQueen. “And like funeral professionals, we must complete continuing education requirements every two year to retain this designation – and more importantly – stay abreast of the latest changes in industry rules and regulations.”

“By successfully completing the BEI Certified Exit Planner program, Alan Creedy and Bill McQueen are now premiere Exit Planning professionals,” said John Brown, President of Business Enterprise Institute. “Their in-depth knowledge on a wide array of business subjects includes building a business’ value, identifying exit objectives, addressing key employee incentive planning and retention issues, incorporating business continuity planning, and establishing wealth preservation.”

About Creedy and Company: Headquartered in Raleigh, NC, Creedy & Company is a Business Advisory Service founded by Alan Creedy in 2008.   His hands-on industry experience enables him to quickly analyze core problems, develop/prioritize solutions and implement strategies for quick turnaround. For more information, visit www.funeralhomeconsulting.org

About McQueen & Siddall: With offices in Florida and Arizona, McQueen & Siddall, LLP is a personal and business legacy law firm.  The firm specializes in estate planning & administration, asset protection, business entity formation & succession planning as well as outside general counsel. For more information, visit www.LegacyProtectionLawyers.com.

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A Strange Bathroom Encounter–A Rite of Passage

It was between sessions at  an NFDA convention and busy in the bathroom.  An  older  gentleman approached  me and asked brusquely, “Are you Alan Creedy?”  Given his demeanour, for a moment, I wasn’t sure whether to say yes or run.   I finally said yes.  What he said next made me wish he had chosen a different venue.

“I Just want to thank you for making a man of my son.” he said.

You could have heard a pin drop.  Now that we had the rapt attention of everyone in that room I was definitely wishing i was somewhere else. I managed to say, “Sir, I don’t believe we have met.” He introduced himself and the facts behind his odd statement fell into place.

His son had been a client of mine and unwittingly over a period of time he had built up the courage to fire his father. I had little to do with it. Ironically, that was the very action that his father had been waiting for. Dad and Mom turned over the keys and headed to Florida. But if I left the story there it would seem far too easy.

My client’s story is all too typical. Second generation, brought up in the family business, Dad and Mom unwilling to loosen the reigns to let him take over, underpaid and overworked, frustrated with the lack of progress and concerned over whether he would even have a future by the time he was able to make the inevitable changes he saw coming.

I remember 30 years ago when my cohorts were wrestling with their mothers, fathers, uncles and aunts over succession issues.  “We’ll never do this to our kids,” they said.  Well now it’s their turn and I find they’re worse.

Not long ago I mediated with yet another friend and his 37 year old son.  About half way through the conversation I turned to dad and said, “George (not his name), how old were you when you took over from your  dad?” (I was there, you see, and I knew the answer)  He took a sudden interest in his shoes and finally blustered, “Well…well, I was 34…but it was different then.”

Through my funeral home consulting practice I have come to know a lot of these new 30 and 35 and 40 year old “up and comers.”  In my opinion, they are really pretty good.  Maybe better in a lot of ways than we were.  There comes a time to pass the baton.

Why do we so stubbornly resist?  I think it is a lot of things.  Mostly fear.  In some cases we fear a loss of relevancy.  We have so much invested in our career we don’t know what our role will be without it.  In other cases it is the insecurity of not being in control.  And in still others it is simply the stubborn selfishness of age.

Today, I see a lot of parent/owners who really want to do the right thing. But by hanging on too long they are effectively neutering their own kids and crippling the future of their business.

In addition to the make-a-man-out-of-my-son story here are two others I like:

“I decided at 35 there wasn’t room for both of us.  I was terrified.  I had never done anything else for a living but I wasn’t going to live like this.  I walked into his office and said: ‘Dad, there isn’t room for both of us.  Either you go or I do.’  He just stared at me and didn’t say a word.  I turned around and left and went back to work.  I started looking for a job.  A week later he walked in and said ‘Your mother and I have talked and your right.  It’s yours.'”

“Our dad always told us we could own the business and receive compensation from it IF and only if we actually worked in it.  I was the only one who wanted to work in it.  So I bought in and when he retired he sold me the rest of it.  He took care of my other brothers and sisters in his estate but they weren’t allowed to own or benefit from the business without working in it.”

Well, I bet you thought this story was going to be about something else.  Gotcha!!!  But if you have children over 30 in the business you need to be thinking succession and, like it or not, you are one day going to have to get out of their way.  It’ll happen any way…one way or another.  If it were me I would do it while I was still alive so I had something to be proud of.

New Book on Reinventing Your Business Features Funeral Home

I read a lot and sometimes I preorder new books.  This Winter I preordered “THE REINVENTORS, How Extraordinary Companies Pursue Radical Continuous Change By Jason Jennings.  I started reading it last week and when I turned to page 60 lo and behold what did I see?  My friend Bill McQueen as one of the case study examples of how to reinvent even a moribund industry.

Bill makes up a healthy part of chapter 3 “Picking the Destination” which begins with the statement:

“The main job of the leader is to be a destination expert, to let everyone know where the company is going and make certain that everyone understands and is willing to embrace constant change in order to get there.”

Some excerpts from Bill’s interview are insightful

“This is a business that was and is ripe for reinvention…the real reason things had to change was because we had to be able to offer the quality of life that talented people wanted and that we wanted to provide them”

“We were wrong in concluding that everyone wanting cremation was a price shopper…price shoppers only want one thing…the absolutely lowest price in town.”

“The breakthrough came when we studied cremations in other societies.”

“The success of the first tribute center led McQueen to the realization that they weren’t really in the business of handling bodies but were, instead, in the business of educating and helping people understand the value of ceremony, ritual and the telling of one’s life story. ‘We weren’t going to be in a business that was about caskets, hearses, and cemeteries anymore but, instead, about helping people transition through loss and come out the other side in a state of peace.’ Once they selected a destination the radical reinvention became easy.

I haven’t finished reading it yet but if you want a copy for yourself click on the picture below:

P.S. ICCFA is hosting author Jason Jennings at its Fall Management Conference.

Book Review: When Growth Stalls

When Growth Stalls, How it happens, why you’re stuck and what to do about it.

By Steve McKee, Jossey-Bass 2009

“when growth stalls, everything begins to break down.  Confidence wanes, and it can be difficult to tell which problems are cause and which are effect.”  This simple statement hits too close to home in an industry where stalled growth has become the rule rather than the exception.

Based on research involving 5,696 businesses across a wide variety of industries and spanning several years, the author identifies 3 external factors that catch us all off guard and 4 internal factors that make things worse.  He found that stalled companies were more likely to have high turnover, lower margins and weaker customer loyalty.   Compounding this is a correlation with unhealthy internal dynamics including: issues involving trust and respect, inability to make lasting decisions, a tendency to overthink things and, in a strange dichotomy, a propensity to either resist change or switch directions frequently.

But wait, it gets worse.  Stalled companies also “unintentionally build mediocrity into the system by losing the best people, hiring “C” people and hiring on the cheap.”

External Factors

Economic factors include both price resistance and increased cost of doing business.   These occur over time and aren’t always noticeable until long after the trend is set.   McKee warns us about cutting expenses: “You can cut your way to survival but not success.”

Aggressive Competition introducing new ideas or factors into the market place.  In our case, examples might include cremationists and low-price providers.  McKee offers this advice:  “Keep close tabs on your competition…outthink rather than outspend them…and consistently look for ways to enhance and protect your differentiation.”

Changing industry dynamics:  The marketplace has changed and [players] no longer know their place in it.”

McKee offers this interesting insight: “When there is change there is a ‘misunderstanding’ that can be capitalized on.”

Internal Factors

Lack of consensus: When growth stalls…people choose sides, challenge each other…and begin to doubt…”  The focus shifts from “what do we need to do” to how can we all get along.

Loss of focus:  “McDonalds stalled out when they became too intent on adding restaurants to customers rather than adding customers to restaurants.”  Loss of focus leads to the wasting of limited resources rather than optimizing them.   Things are always changing.  So, “either a company moves or the market moves.”

Loss of nerve:  Leadership is especially difficult when a company is adrift.  Self confidence wanes because it is confusing, discouraging, contagious, paralyzing and wearying.  It challenges a leaders whole notion of self worth.  The risk of change seems greater than the risk of standing still.

Marketing inconsistency: leaders begin to be reactive with emotional hot spots and use advertising in a point-counterpoint fashion with competitors instead of consistently staying on message.  People trust brands that have consistent approaches to their message.  Companies don’t know who they are if they keep changing their message in a fruitless search for a silver bullet that will solve its problems.

The Take Away

  • Know you are not alone
  • Knowing the seven factors that lead to failure gives us focus and courage to pick up and move forward
  • The “Top Box” concept gives you an excellent template for follow-through
  • It will require focus, discipline and perseverance
  • Find a way to “Mean something to your market and it will reward you.”

I strongly recommend this book to DeathCare professionals who really want to build a thriving business.  It will take discipline and focus, strength and leadership but McKee’s advice will give you a very strong backdrop to make it happen.

Video Interview

Click here for a video interview of Author Steve McKee focused on the application of his concepts to funeral homes.


 

 

5 Emotional Stages of Selling Your Business

Selling a business is a highly practical exercise wrapped in a thick emotional blanket.  Much like the grief cycle we know so well in DeathCare there are stages that are common and, if you know about them, you can prepare. The more prepared you are the better you will be able to negotiate what you want.

Stage 1:  The Reality Check

Your baby may not be ugly but it isn’t the most attractive either.  Pride of ownership or what you think you need to live on post sale often cause us to be unrealistic in our expectations.   The process of negotiation is a process of compromise to find the common ground between the lowest possible price at which you are willing to sell and the highest possible price someone else is willing to pay.   Read this article to learn how to find that middle ground for yourself before you start.

Stage 2:  Prepare to Negotiate

It is said that a lawyer who represents himself has a fool for a client.  In almost all instances the party on the other side of the table will have done this before and not only will this be your first time but you will be emotionally involved.  The need to master a very steep learning curve and to be objective will put you at significant risk.   All your life you have been in charge.  Now you have to put yourself in someone else’s hands and do what they tell you.   One of my best clients was an incharge type who really struggled at this stage.  He decided that the best way to cope was to take several negotiation seminars outside the industry.  Not only did this help him to deal with his need for control but it made him a formidable partner in the process.  The result: he got more than either of us could imagine because we were working together rather than tugging and pulling

Stage 3: Be prepared to lose your leverage:

There comes a time in even the best conceived plan where you will lose leverage.   One way large acquisition firms accelerate this shift is by purposely seeding rumors that put pressure on you to speed up the sale before everything “comes apart”.    But the official shift comes when you accept the Letter of Intent (LOI) of one company which usually contains a “no shop” clause.  It is then that the true due diligence period starts.  It is a common belief in the Eastern and Middle Eastern world that negotiation only really starts at the closing when the seller is at a disadvantage.  This practice has been accepted now in the Western World and so you might expect a 10% to 20% reduction in price between LOI and Closing.   I have frequently found it effective to provide as much of the due diligence in advance of the LOI so that that offer is based on the information to date and require that any negotiation after LOI be limited to new information that might be uncovered.    I just HATE surprises.

Free tip: no matter how badly you want to sell or how much pressure is on you ALWAYS be prepared at the closing to “quietly close your briefcase and go home” if things don’t go your way.  I coached a real estate friend recently in this when she was selling a house to someone from the Middle East and she was concerned about the closing.  She said that the attempt at negotiation lasted for about an hour and stopped immediately when she and her client got up to leave.   This strategy is bad behavior if there are no real issues and your best defense is to simply walk away.

Stage 4: Be Prepared to Be Outed

It is the rare sale that isn’t discovered before the closing.  At a minimum your unusual behavior and activity will cause people to wonder and suspect.   Beware of the person who pretends to already know in order to get you to confess.  Make sure actual knowledge is limited to as small a circle as possible including your best friend.  But most importantly be prepared with how you will respond and what you will say.   Practice in a mirror because people will look beyond your words for how they should respond.

Stage 5.  Post Partum Depression

As with the real kind this varies by person.  But, if you are like most people, there will be some.  If you decide to stay on after the sale you will have to adjust to being an employee and not having a final say.   Whether you go or stay you will have to adjust to a new self identity.  One of my clients told me it took him 6 years after the sale to actually publicly admit he was retired.

Summary:

For most businesses this is the single biggest and riskiest step they have ever taken.  Because it is an independently owned business it is highly charged and personalized with emotion.   Preparation and focus are keys to success.  It is a process and it takes courage and strength.  I often tell my clients to go to negotiation seminars to fully understand how it works and what to expect.   Having a professional negotiator represent you will pay for itself and then some.   But in the end you will make that final decision.

Funeral Home Valuation Part 3: How To Present Your Operating Results

In order to properly determine EBITDA you first have to present your financial statements correctly.

If you are not using an accounting service that specializes in the funeral or cemetery industry then it is highly likely that your financial statements are not presented in a manner that makes ratio analysis meaningful.

For instance:  the way non-industry accountants handle cash advances typically has a significant impact on your ratios.   Let’s say that your Revenue before cash advances is $1,000,000, your cash advance revenue is $150,000 and your cost of sales is $210,000.    The proper way to calculate your cost of sales ratio is to divide $210,000 by your net revenue of $1,000,000.  The result is 21% which is too high (it should be between 15% and 18% in most areas).  But, most non-industry accountants include cash advance revenue in total revenue and post the corresponding expense to either cost of goods sold or an expense account.  This artificially inflates revenue which drives lower cost ratios.  $210,000 divded by $1,150,000 yields a cost of sales ratio of 18.26% thus obscuring the fact that your cost of sales ratio is too high.  (For an example of an industry accepted chart of accounts click here.)  P&l statment

So, step one in “normalizing “your profit and loss statement is to determine your actual ratios.  I would estimate that 8 out of 10 of my clients require analysis and reallocation of accounts to bring their financial statements in to conformity with accepted practice where proper comparisons can be made.  I strongly recommend this be done by a professional.  There are too many nuances for someone who doesn’t have experience.  Typically, it takes me as much as 4 hours to complete this process on 3 years of statements.   Once this reclassification is done then ratios can be calculated and the deviations from standard industry experience will draw attention to areas that deserve deeper analysis.

The most common places that can be adjusted are cost of labor (including owners compensation) and facilities (specifically rent to owners).  But there are others including redirected income like preneed insurance commissions paid directly to owners instead of through the business that you should be alert to.  Ultimately, the goal of normalizing or recasting financial statements is to show what the firm would look like if it were owned and operated by someone who emphasized reporting to investors over sheltering income from the IRS.

It is vitally important to remember that you can’t play games during this step and any professional analyst will refuse to do so.

For example:  Let’s assume that your actual cost of labor is 42% of Net Revenue.  The normal industry experience (including owners, taxes, benefits etc.) is in the range of 35%.     You should only restate labor costs to 35% if you are confident that  a buyer can achieve that level.   Let’s say you are selling to your children, but you plan to stay on in a reduced role at your current salary and benefits it is not legitimate to recast as if you were going to no longer be paid.  (I have seen it done).

For your information, the typical major ratios expressed as a percent of net revenue  for normal firms are as follows:

Cost of sales: 15% – 18% (this is often a function of geographic location which impacts cremation rate)

Cost of labor: 30%-35% (with all labor related costs (taxes, benefits, etc)

Facilities: 10% -12%   (including rent, mtge interest, leasehold improvements, depreciation, etc)

Disclaimer

While I  have experience in business valuation, I am not a Certified Business Appraiser.   The explanation and comments contained herein are my own.

Funeral Home Valuation Part 2: Why EBITDA?

Funeral home valuation, Funeral home appraisal, Cemetery Valuation, Cemetery Appraisal

EBITDA became popular in the 70s and 80s when buyers were trying to locate companies that had strong cash flow outside of financing and capital Expenditure concerns. Since buyers were going to change the capital structure anyway, it was convenient to have a quick apples to apples comparison.

EBITDA or Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization is a more reliable and cleaner comparison than Net Income.
1) In general, it is a much stronger indicator of ongoing, operational strength for the firm.
2) Taxes are considered “non-operational” in a sense because they can be affected by a variety of accounting and tax conventions. These have no bearing on the ongoing, operational strength of the firm.
3) Interest expense is a function of leverage, not operations. Companies in any given industry will have varying degrees of interest expense based on the debt load they incur.
4) Depreciation expense is an accounting convention recognizing investment in physical assets over the life of that asset.  It has no bearing on the ongoing operational strength of the firm. Firms with  investments in large capital expenditures like recently built facilities will have high deprection expense while similar firms with older facilities or fully depreciated physical assets will have lower depreciation expense.
5) Amortization expense is another accounting convention dealing with the amortization of intangibles. Because it is an accounting convention, we want to take it “out” also.    Firms with goodwill acquired through other acquisitions will have amortization expense while similar firms who have built their business without acquisition will have none.

So, EBITDA is considered by the financial community the way to compare apples with apples.  It is computed by adding back to net profits or earnings any income taxes paid by the corporation all interest expense, depreciation and amortization.   This is, of course, where many amateurs foul up.   A good tax planner will encourage a business owner to take advantage of all legitimate business deductions.  This includes inflating personal salaries above market as well as other expenses that might otherwise be personal.  As a result, earnings on many independently owned businesses are reported as less than they might be if they were the subsidiary of a public corporation, for example.  So, before EBITDA can be truly calculated adjustments should be considered by a professionally trained analyst to represent the true picture of operations.  Of course, these adjustments are only legitimate if it is reasonable to expect that an independent buyer will operate in a more efficient fashion or can find economies that the seller has not had access to.  This process is called “normalization or recasting”.

After normalization a funeral home typically yields a an EBITDA ratio of between 20% and 30% of NET Revenue with the average falling in the middle.  Interestingly, a branch (accounted for correctly) will often yield between 40% and 50% because it does not bear the burden of duplicated administrative or ownership overhead.

Next week proper categorization, operating ratios and normalization.

Disclaimer

While I have experience in business valuation, I am not a Certified Business Appraiser.   The explanation and comments contained herein are my own.

Funeral Home Valuation: Part 1

Funeral home appraisal, funeral home valuation, cemetery appraisal, cemetery valuation

Multiples and how they are chosen

For the past 20 years Funeral Home Values have been expressed most often as a multiple of EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization).  It was not always so.  Prior to the 90’s values were often expressed as a multiple of revenue.  The most common “Rule of Thumb” being 1.7 to 1.9 times Net Revenue.

Regardless of how value was expressed the fundamental drivers were the same:  Future cash streams discounted to a present value.  In fact, if you know how to price bonds you understand the theory behind valuing a business.  Very simply, if I have $XX to invest today what is a “risk-relative” cash return I can expect in the future.  The lower the risk the lower the return and, conversely, the higher the risk the higher the return.  Businesses, especially closely held businesses, are believed to represent higher risk than investing in US Treasury Bonds.  In fact, US Treasury Bonds are most frequently used as a basis for what is known as a “Risk Free Rate.”

So, what is a multiple?  It is a convenient number representing the reciprocal of what is termed the Capitalization Rate.   A multiple of 5, for instance, is the equivalent of a 20% Capitalization Rate or Cap Rate.  (1 / 5 = 20%)  Likewise, a multiple of 4 is equal to a 25% Cap Rate and a multiple of 6 is equal to 16.67%.  The higher the multiple the lower the Cap Rate and the lower the multiple the higher the Cap Rate.

How are Cap Rates determined?

As the factor used to determine the present value of future cash flows, Cap Rates are proportional to the presumptive risk attached to those future cash flows.  Starting with the US Treasury Rate as the “Risk Free Rate” an assessment is made relative to anticipated risk for the investment under consideration.  Despite the relatively pseudoscientific rationalizations for determining a risk premium, this is really a matter of judgment, experience and recent sales of comparable investments (what the market is currently paying).

Risk is the critical factor.  A very small firm in a limited market with new competition and recent market share loss is a higher risk than a large firm in a metropolitan market with growing market share.

For those funeral homes that are salable, current multiples range from a low of 4 to a high of 6.  Higher multiples, however, are seen for “mega” firms with strong management in place and high regional brand equity.  These multiples may reach a high of 8 times EBITDA.  Of course, this applies mostly to privately held firms.

Final note:

The Capitalization Rate should not be confused with either a Return on Investment (ROI) or the more complex but far more accurate Internal Rate of Return (IRR).  The Capitalization Rate is simply the rate at which future cash flows are discounted in order to determine Gross Value.

Next week: What is EBITDA and how to calculate it?

Disclaimer:

While I have experience in business valuation, I am not a Certified Business Appraiser.